{"id":1959,"date":"2020-10-15T13:52:39","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T12:52:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/?p=1959"},"modified":"2026-08-15T15:38:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-15T14:38:56","slug":"research-reflexivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Dance Research Reflexivity (4.7)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity.jpg\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity-300x169.jpg 300w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Dance reflexivity\" class=\"wp-image-1964 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity.jpg\" alt=\"Dance reflexivity\" class=\"wp-image-1964\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/dance-reflexivity-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\"><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ab5ba64bbf19\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ab5ba64bbf19\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#Research_Reflexivity\" >Research Reflexivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#My_Own_Influence_in_the_Research\" >My Own Influence in the Research<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#Data_Analysis_and_Interpretation_Reflection\" >Data Analysis and Interpretation Reflection<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#Reflection_as_a_Dance_Practitioner\" >Reflection as a Dance Practitioner<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#Being_an_Outsider_in_Research_and_Biases\" >Being an Outsider in Research and   Biases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#Seeing_Dance_through_an_Ethnographic_Lens\" >Seeing Dance through an Ethnographic Lens<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/research-reflexivity\/#The_PhD_Team_and_Critical_Others\" >The PhD Team and Critical Others<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Research_Reflexivity\"><\/span>Research Reflexivity  <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reflexivity is defined by Gratton and Jones (2004, p. 186) as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A process whereby the effect of the researcher, and their own characteristics, background, values, attitudes and so on, upon the subject matter is taken account of.<\/p>\n<cite><a href=\"https:\/\/epdf.tips\/research-methods-for-sports-studies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Gratton and Jones (opens in a new tab)\">Gratton and Jones<\/a> (2004)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Acknowledging researcher bias is a commonly accepted practice in the field of qualitative research (Sparkes, 1992b; Maykut and Morehouse, 1994; Bourdieu, 1996; Mason, 2002; Marshall and Rossman, 2010; Sparkes and Smith, 2014) because, as Sparkes and Smith (2014, p. 73) indicate, \u2018the person and their communicative competencies are the main \u2018instrument\u2019 of data collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because of this, they cannot adopt a neutral role in the field and in their interactions with people during interviews or observations\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"My_Own_Influence_in_the_Research\"><\/span>My Own Influence in the Research <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This research has been influenced by many years of involvement in the field of Egyptian raqs sharqi, as well as by my academic background in cultural heritage studies and my own cultural background and view of the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These factors have influenced the choice of topic, the particular questions I pose, and the methodology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">My knowledge in the field has provided me with the starting point from which to begin gathering data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout this thesis, the voice of the researcher can be heard, not only through reflexivity but also because I considered myself to be not only the researcher but also one of the participants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-light-gray-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">I did not choose to write an autoethnography because I wanted to include other people\u2019s voices to gather richer data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A way for me to use my own experience as data was by quoting pages from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldbellydance.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">my Raqs sharqi website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the majority, I have used other people\u2019s sources, but when I thought that it would add useful information to the data, I quoted some pages from my website, which I wrote long before I started this research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hence, by using those web pages, I was looking retrospectively at my own point of view as a participant in the field, before I became a researcher in the same field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I have not found a large amount of literature on the use of blogs in qualitative research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, none of the sources I found (Dickey, 2004; Hookway, 2008; Murthy, 2008; Walker Rettberg, 2008) mention using the researcher\u2019s own blogs, from before the research was conceived, as sources of data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Data_Analysis_and_Interpretation_Reflection\"><\/span>Data Analysis and Interpretation Reflection<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In terms of data analysis and interpretation, I am aware that the interpretation of data will inevitably be filtered through my vision because, as Bourdieu (1996, p. 34) states:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">the sociologist must never ignore that the specific characteristic of her [sic] point of view is to be a point of view on a point of view&#8217;.<\/p>\n<cite>Bourdieu (1996)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hence, my bias as a researcher did not only affect the choice of the topic and the way I carried out the research in the field, but also the way I interpreted the data and how I decided to present it, since \u2018representational practices inform all stages of dance ethnography . . . from the conception . . . to its execution and completion\u2019 (Gore, 1999, p. 209).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Mauthner and Doucet (2003, p. 415) point out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Methods of data analysis . . . carry the epistemological, ontological and theoretical assumptions of the researchers who developed them\u2019, thus they cannot be neutral.<\/p>\n<cite>Mauthner and Doucet (2003)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reflection_as_a_Dance_Practitioner\"><\/span>Reflection as a Dance Practitioner<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As somebody who has been a practitioner of Egyptian Raqs sharqi for over 15 years, I am an insider in this field, at least as far as the international community involved with this genre is concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This gave me a privileged point of view as I could access some of the participants easily, and I had previous knowledge of the field, as well as a kinesthetic knowledge of the dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Bacon (2003, p. 57) reports, citing Sklar, a \u2018researcher&#8217;s dance experience enables an entrance to the field\u2019 because of the &#8216;kinesthetic empathy&#8217; that s\/he already has.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, being an insider in a field can affect a researcher\u2019s interpretation of the data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, I was sometimes tempted to accept my respondents\u2019 comments at face value (even the most essentialist ones) as I largely shared the same cultural discourse and interpretations regarding Egyptian Raqs sharqi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, whilst writing, I had to often stop myself from making essentialist claims by trying to avoid taking assumptions for granted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Being_an_Outsider_in_Research_and_Biases\"><\/span>Being an Outsider in Research and  <br>Biases<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time though, as a non-Egyptian, I was also an outsider to the field insofar as the local roots of this dance were concerned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, I had a double outsider\/insider status as a dance researcher (Koutsouba, 1999). The \u2018outsider\u2019 status gave me the opportunity to gain some distance from some aspects of Egyptian Raqs sharqi, but at the same time, I lacked a deep, lived understanding of the \u2018Egyptianness\u2019 of this dance form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hence, when writing the history of Egyptian Raqs sharqi from the 20th century, I could not write \u201cthe\u201d history of this dance genre but rather \u201ca\u201d history, as Fraser (2014, sec. On Writing This Book) contends, \u2018defined within the limits of my skills of cultural awareness\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Overall, I will have to accept that, for as hard as a researcher tries, as Mauthner and Doucet (2003, p. 425) posit, \u2018there may be limits to re\ufb02exivity\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, we may have to accept that, as Mauthner and Doucet (ibid.) suggest, it is not possible to be aware of all our present biases and we may need to allow time to pass after the end of the research, in order to distance ourselves from it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Time should allow a researcher to become aware of influences (and even prejudices) that permeated the interpretation of the data but were not noticed whilst s\/he was still involved in the research process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, this is what happened to Buckland (2006) when she looked back at the way she had interpreted data from her Ph.D. research, some decades after its completion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y3gnysmb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper-480x270.jpg 480w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15476 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 560px, 100vw\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper-480x270.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 560px, 100vw\"><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Seeing_Dance_through_an_Ethnographic_Lens\"><\/span>Seeing Dance through an Ethnographic Lens<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the end of my Ph.D., I will probably not leave the field in a practical sense, as I will still practice Egyptian Raqs sharqi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nevertheless, I might leave the field in what Bacon (2003, p. 61) refers to as a \u2018cognitive\u2019 way, that is, in my \u2018ability and interest in examining a group of people through an ethnographic lens\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, leaving the field in this sense will probably allow me to distance myself from this research and interpret it differently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, I may experience this genre differently (or practice different styles), and this could also influence my interpretation looking back, in a similar way as practicing <a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/morris-dancing\/\">revival Morris dance<\/a> (which she had not tried during her research) gave Buckland (2006) a different appreciation of this style many years after completing her Ph.D.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is something I will not know until a few years after finishing my research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the meantime, I will give my interpretation of the data, which only constitutes a tale rather than the \u2018truth\u2019, \u2018just one of many tales to tell which reveals our interpretation at any particular moment\u2019 (T. J. Buckland, 1999, p. 204).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nevertheless, having acknowledged that, as Buckland states (1999, p. 205), \u2018it also remains our responsibility to aim to distinguish stories from fantasies\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_PhD_Team_and_Critical_Others\"><\/span>The PhD Team and Critical Others<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One way to help researchers achieve this, as Maykut and Morehouse (1994) suggest, is for researchers to work with others as a team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a Ph.D. student, the team would be the supervisors who review the work, giving critical feedback, as well as fellow researchers and other practitioners from the community in which the Ph.D. student is involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For me, the feedback from others in the field of dance research was particularly useful, including during <a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/about-us\/\">conferences I attended<\/a> and feedback received on the publications based on this research during the review process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, even if qualitative research cannot be separated from the researchers and their bias and, as Mason (2002, p. 52)<em> <\/em>posits, because of this, \u2018it is more accurate to speak of <em>generating<\/em> data than <em>collecting<\/em> data\u2019, it is still possible to apply concepts of reliability and validity to qualitative data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the next section, I will explain how I dealt with validity and reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Next Page &gt;&gt; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/validity-reliability\/\">Validity and Reliability of the dance datasets<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Read the dance research reflexivity and data interpretation methods as a practitioner. Biases and an ethnographic lens in a Ph.D. study.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1964,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-methods"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dance research reflexivity and data analysis and heritage interpration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Read the dance research reflexivity and data interpretation methods as a practitioner. 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