{"id":1056,"date":"2019-04-28T18:18:46","date_gmt":"2019-04-28T17:18:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/?p=1056"},"modified":"2023-08-14T10:16:50","modified_gmt":"2023-08-14T09:16:50","slug":"dance-study-approach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/","title":{"rendered":"Dance Study and Research Approach (2.3)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this section, I highlight how dance studies have influenced my research. I start with a brief history of dance studies in relation to culture, in order to show the developments that led to the approach that I will be following.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dance-research-aapproach.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dance-research-aapproach.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dance-research-aapproach-300x169.jpg 300w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Dancers and research approach \" class=\"wp-image-1076 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dance-research-aapproach.jpg\" alt=\"Dancers and research approach \" class=\"wp-image-1076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dance-research-aapproach.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dance-research-aapproach-300x169.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\"><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dance rsearch approach<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ab5bd226bf08\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ab5bd226bf08\" checked aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Authenticity_Folkloristics_and_the_State_of_Dance_Ethnology\" >Authenticity, Folkloristics and the   State of Dance Ethnology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#World_War_II_and_Changes_in_Dance\" >World War II and Changes in Dance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#The_Influence_of_Gertrude_Prokosch_Kurath\" >The Influence of Gertrude Prokosch Kurath<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Prokosch_Kurath\" >Prokosch Kurath<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Kealiinohomoku\" >Kealiinohomoku<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Anthropologist_John_Blacking\" >Anthropologist John Blacking<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Cohen_Bull_aka_Novack\" >Cohen Bull (aka Novack)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#The_Multisensory_Practice_of_Dance\" >The Multisensory Practice of Dance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Dance_Study_Developments\" >Dance Study Developments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/#Footnotes\" >Footnotes<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Authenticity_Folkloristics_and_the_State_of_Dance_Ethnology\"><\/span>Authenticity, Folkloristics and the  <br>State of Dance Ethnology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Giurchescu and Torp (1991), in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century, folkloric dances in Europe were rediscovered as expressions of national identity, and the attention of researchers was primarily on the movements, rather than the social context of the dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The discipline of folklore was born out of politics of nationalism and aspirations of smaller communities to be recognized, within big empires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giurchescu and Torp (1991) highlight that, in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century in Europe, there was an idealistic aspiration towards authenticity, as experts were trying to save \u2018vanishing\u2019 dances whose authentic expression could only be found in small villages, away from the corrupting influence of big cities (Giurchescu and Torp, 1991, p. 2):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The development of folkloristics was based on the opinion that the &#8220;spiritual roots&#8221; of a nation were to be found in the deeply hidden, unadulterated music-making and dancing of the village people. This romantic ideology led to a search for and study of &#8220;vanishing&#8221; dances, songs, and music. . . . In their search for &#8220;authentic folklore&#8221;, collectors rigorously excluded &#8220;new styles&#8221;, non-national or non-ethnic traits, together with all that which was marked by the &#8220;destructive&#8221; influence of town life.<\/p>\n<cite>(Giurchescu and Torp, 1991, p. 2) <\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This static and conservative approach to dance in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century can be considered the equivalent of an essentialist paradigm in heritage which, according to Naguib (2013), originates from that same timeframe and was linked to nationhood and authenticity ideals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"World_War_II_and_Changes_in_Dance\"><\/span>World War II and Changes in Dance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Giurchescu and Torp (1991) argue that, after World War II, in Europe, the approach towards dance studies changed to include the artistic and social dimensions of dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the interest in the connection with society, culture, and economics was still limited and the focus was still \u2018exclusively on dance as a product\u2019 detached \u2018from its context\u2019 (Giurchescu and Torp, 1991, p. 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the same time, Giurchescu and Torp (1991) posit, in America dance was studied from an anthropological and cross-cultural perspective, with great focus on culture and society, but little interest in the choreological aspect.<a href=\"#ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prokosch Kurath (1960) summarises the state of dance ethnology up until the 1960s, depicting a field that had grown in the first half of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century, but which was still in need of further developments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Kealiinohomoku (2001), Franz Boas, Curt Sachs, and Gertrude Prokosch Kurath were the first scholars who systematically studied dance in culture, both in the culture of origin and cross-culturally. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kealiinohomoku (2001) mentions that these scholars developed an anthropology of dance, through ethnographic studies. Reed (1998) argues that the early anthropologists who included dance in their studies (such as Tylor, Evens-Pritchard, Redcliffe-Brown, Malinowski and Boas) emphasized the social functions of dance but with little attention to the movements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance.jpg 500w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance-279x300.jpg 279w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance-496x533.jpg 496w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance-372x400.jpg 372w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"537\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Tahitian dance group\" class=\"wp-image-1499 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"537\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance.jpg\" alt=\"Tahitian dance group\" class=\"wp-image-1499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance.jpg 500w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance-279x300.jpg 279w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance-496x533.jpg 496w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Tahitian-dance-372x400.jpg 372w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Influence_of_Gertrude_Prokosch_Kurath\"><\/span>The Influence of Gertrude Prokosch Kurath <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, <a href=\"http:\/\/jan.ucc.nau.edu\/~jwk3\/gpk.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Gertrude Prokosch Kurath (opens in a new tab)\">Gertrude Prokosch Kurath<\/a> stands out because she was one of the first dance scholars (between the 1920s and 1960s) who concentrated equally on culture and movements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She was an American dancer and ethnomusicologist who, later in life, conducted anthropological studies of Native American dance. Kealiinohomoku (1992, p. 70) reports that \u2018Gertrude . . . coined the term &#8220;ethnochoreologist&#8221;, to parallel the term &#8220;ethnomusicologist&#8221;. . . . She called her work &#8220;the study of dance and music in relation to a way of life&#8221;\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As discussed in Table 1, the term ethnochoreology is used today by the International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM, no date) and by the University of Limerick (<em>MA Ethnochoreology &#8211; University of Limerick<\/em>, no date), and <a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/investigating-egyptian-raqs-sharqi\/\">I have chosen to adopt an ethnochoreological perspective<\/a> in my interdisciplinary investigation of dance, in relation to people and culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2.3.1 I will discuss in more detail some <a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/ethnochoreology-literature\/\">recent literature on ethnochoreology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prokosch_Kurath\"><\/span>Prokosch Kurath<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prokosch Kurath saw dance as a multi-dimensional phenomenon and, as such, she encouraged a multidisciplinary approach to dance (1960, pp. 240\u2013242).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This approach is now widely accepted and contemporary dance scholars, such as Butterworth (2012), stress the importance of using various disciplines and theories to understand dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Butterworth (2012) argues that we need to know about the cultural background of a dance piece in order to understand it fully and we should support our understanding with disciplinary, thematic and methodological tools such as theatre studies, anthropology, ethnography, sociology, semiotics, phenomenology, cultural studies, feminism\/gender studies, race\/ethnicity, politics, interculturalism, classicism, modernism, postmodernism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the 1970s, the connection between choreological and anthropological perspectives developed further.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grau (1993) states that dance and social sciences started cooperating in a structured way only since the 1970s while, according to Giurchescu and Thorp (1991), it was then that the semantic dimension of dance started being explored, to better understand the relationship between the form and the meaning of dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Reed (1998) supports this idea, stating that it was in the 1960s and 1970s when the anthropology of dance emerged as a distinct subfield.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bellydance-congress.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bellydance-congress.jpg 308w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bellydance-congress-231x300.jpg 231w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"308\" height=\"400\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Belly dance congress\" class=\"wp-image-1501 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"308\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bellydance-congress.jpg\" alt=\"Belly dance congress\" class=\"wp-image-1501\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bellydance-congress.jpg 308w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bellydance-congress-231x300.jpg 231w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\"><\/noscript><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Learning about dance at the belly dance congress.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kealiinohomoku\"><\/span>Kealiinohomoku<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-very-light-gray-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\">In that same period of time, Kealiinohomoku (1970) wrote her seminal article in which she considered ballet as a form of ethnic dance, highlighting the fact that every dance form derives from a cultural background and that, therefore, every type of dance is ethnic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Kealiinohomoku, ballet is a form of ethnic dance because it is the expression of a precise culture at a certain moment in time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This culture is reflected in every aspect of ballet, from the movements and aesthetic values to the choice of costumes, stories, gender roles, social roles, music and choice of flora and fauna that is represented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kealiinohomoku\u2019s article was ground-breaking at the time, as it broke the barriers between theatre dancing and popular\/folkloric dancing, as well as moving away from the old evolutionary approach in dance studies, affirming that (1970, p. 34) \u2018there is no such thing as a primitive dance\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This attitude is now embraced by contemporary dance scholars such as Buckland, who posits that (1999, p. 3) \u2018all cultures are plural and relative to the peoples who create and maintain them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This potentially results in the non-hierarchical treatment of all dance practices\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Anthropologist_John_Blacking\"><\/span>Anthropologist John Blacking<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A very influential figure in the field of dance studies in Britain, active from the 1970s, was the ethnomusicologist and anthropologist John Blacking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He (1983, p. 95) contended that dance <em>\u2018<\/em>must be analysed in context, together with dancers&#8217; and spectators&#8217; notions of what they are doing, what they experience and how they make sense of it\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Blacking\u2019s (1983) view, dance, cannot be properly understood outside its context of use; it is a social institution expressing culturally encoded feelings and it is shaped by audiences and their expectations, as much as by the dancers and the choreographers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Blacking (1983), dance has to be studied <a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/internationalisation-transculturality\/\">cross-culturally<\/a>; we cannot use a Western theory of dance and apply it to dances from other cultures, but we can use different theories from various cultures to try and create a general theory of dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the late 1980s, there has been a proliferation of dance studies in different cultural contexts, which connected culture, body and movement. Helen Thomas (2003) mentions Adrienne Kaeppler, Drid Williams and Judith Lynne Hanna, active from the 1980s\/90s, as exponents of a new generation of American dance anthropologists, influenced by the dominant anti-ethnocentricity in anthropology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The new generation of dance anthropologists sought to understand different dance forms using communication and linguistic models. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cohen_Bull_aka_Novack\"><\/span>Cohen Bull (aka Novack)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A dance scholar who brings together cultural and physical approaches is Cohen Bull (aka <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/dance-research-journal\/article\/cynthia-jean-cohen-bull-aka-cynthia-novack-september-6-1947september-27-1996\/B1F2811EB6917E72F58D246FDBE858F8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Novack (opens in a new tab)\">Novack<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She analysed dances from the physical and cultural points of view. Her analysis is based on the idea that the body and the mind are connected and analysing one without the other is limiting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Cohen Bull, (Novack, 1988, p. 103) \u2018to detach one aspect from another for analytical purposes can contribute valuable insights into the nature of movement, but if one aspect is taken as the whole, distortion results\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Physical movement and cultural background in dance are two interconnected elements, which cannot be separated without creating misunderstandings or excessive simplification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cohen Bull adopted this approach in her study on contact improvisation and disco dance (Novack, 1988), in which she analysed how changes in dance movements and styles reflect changes in society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In another study, Cohen Bull (2003) focused on the senses and how they are used in dance genres that originate in different cultures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She selected three dance genres as objects of her investigation: ballet, contact improvisation and Ghanaian dance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She then analysed them from a sensorial and kinaesthetic point of view, looking at the movements, as well as at society and the context in which dance is lived and to which it belongs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The outcome of her analysis is that: in ballet, the strongest element is visual, in contact improvisation it is tactile and in Ghanaian dance, it is auditory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This does not mean that all senses are not involved, but just that one is privileged over the others. This preference is culturally influenced. Cohen Bull states (2003, p. 270) that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A primary interest of recent ethnographies of dance is the conjunction between the sensible and the intelligible, taken as different but profoundly interrelated levels of analysis, description, and understanding . . . to consider experience as intrinsic to meaning, action in dialogue with thought.<\/p>\n<cite>Cohen (2003)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cohen Bull is suggesting that we need to <a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/framework-intro\/\">overcome the dichotomy between body and mind<\/a>, material and immaterial domains, because meaning is created by human beings as unities of mind and body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y3gnysmb\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper-480x270.jpg 480w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15476 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 560px, 100vw\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper.jpg 560w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/dance-binarism-paper-480x270.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 560px, 100vw\"><\/noscript><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Burkitt states (1999, p. 2) \u2018the way in which we sense our body in the world seems to be just as important in creating meaning as cultural meaning is itself in shaping the image of our body\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, Sklar (1994, p. 11) stresses the importance of being kinetically involved in dance research:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I had discovered that to &#8220;move with&#8221; people whose experience I was trying to understand was a way to also &#8220;feel with&#8221; them, providing an opening into the kind of cultural knowledge that is not available through words or observation alone.<\/p>\n<cite>Sklar (1994)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grau (2011, p. 5), emphasizes that \u2018dance is a somatic, kinetic and linguistic phenomenon; that these three domains are inextricably intertwined; and that all are culturally and socially rooted\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, because dance is socially and culturally situated, she warns against the temptation of applying our own cultural understandings on the concepts of space, senses and the body to dance genres belonging to different cultures. Grau (2011, pp. 5, 6) argues that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The terms . . . \u2018dancing bodies\u2019, \u2018space\u2019 and \u2018place\u2019 . . . cannot be accepted as universal concepts since they are embedded within typically western understandings. . . . Similarly . . . the commonly understood concept of the five senses is an ethnocentric construct, and . . . such a narrow framework is not very helpful in understanding the multisensory practice that dance is. <\/p>\n<cite>Grau (2011)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Multisensory_Practice_of_Dance\"><\/span>The Multisensory Practice of Dance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this research, it will be important to consider, for example, how non-Egyptians need to learn not only a new movement vocabulary when learning Egyptian Raqs sharqi, but also a different way of thinking about the body and space.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For instance, the research will highlight how their sense of time may differ from that of people from different countries\/cultures, and this is reflected in the dance and its relaxed feeling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Also, the concept of <em>tarab<\/em> (ecstasy that the dancer communicates to the audience), although it is not a sense per se, is a disposition, an embodied way of engaging with the music and the audiences, specific to Arabic performing arts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img data-src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study.jpg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study.jpg 656w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study-499x400.jpg 499w\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"656\" height=\"526\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\" alt=\"Approach to the dance study for this PhD.\" class=\"wp-image-1071 lazyload\"  sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"656\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study.jpg\" alt=\"Approach to the dance study for this PhD.\" class=\"wp-image-1071\" srcset=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study.jpg 656w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/approach-dance-study-499x400.jpg 499w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 656px) 100vw, 656px\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dance_Study_Developments\"><\/span>Dance Study Developments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Table 4 \u2013 Dance studies developments. Table 4 summarises the changes in the field of dance studies in relation to culture from the late 1800s until now, as outlined in this section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This thesis adopts the most recent developments, bringing together culture with its embodied expressions in dance movements. I will now discuss some recent literature on ethnochoreology. <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Footnotes\"><\/span>Footnotes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1 &#8211; Giurchescu and Torp (1991, p. 1) explain that European dance scholars came from a musicology background, which developed methods and theories from the dance material (its choreographic features). Conversely, they (1991, p. 1) argue, American dance scholars came from the field of anthropology, so they applied already elaborated theories and methods to dance focusing on \u2018dancing people\u2019, seldom analyzing the choreographic structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-red-color has-white-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Next Page &gt;&gt; <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/ethnochoreology-literature\/\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Analysis of the ethnochoreology Literature and dance<\/strong><\/span><strong>.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dance study approach. Dance ethnology &#038; anthropology of dance seminal studies. Kealiinohomoku, Prokosch Kurath, Grau, Cohen Bull (aka Novack) &#038; Blacking.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1076,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1056","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-literature-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dance Study Approach. Dance Ethnology &amp; Anthropology Seminal Studies.<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Dance study and research approach. Ethnology &amp; anthropology. 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I also teach belly dance and love to travel to discover new dances around the world. I have worked also as an academic and in the UK and in Korea. Thank you for visiting my site.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/worlddanceheritage.org\\\/about-us\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.co.uk\\\/danceheritageuk\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Dance Study Approach. Dance Ethnology & Anthropology Seminal Studies.","description":"Dance study and research approach. Ethnology & anthropology. Kealiinohomoku, Prokosch Kurath, Grau, Cohen Bull (aka Novack) & Blacking.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/worlddanceheritage.org\/dance-study-approach\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Dance Study Approach. 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